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The material on the origin of rhetoric as a science of appropriate speech, understanding the importance of the speech development in the mythology and Homer’s heroic poems has been studied. The contribution of the inventors of rhetoric Gorgias, Lysias, and Protagoras is recognized. Using the example of Demosthenes' oratory, the author considers the cultural and historical background for the development of judicial and political rhetoric in Athens. The author's study of the ideas of Heraclitus, the method and principles of Socrates, the idealistic understanding of Plato's knowledge, which formed the ancient dialectic as the main mechanism of classical philosophy, is particularly valuable. The ancient concept of dialectics is studied. Special attention is paid to the “Rhetoric” by Aristotle, who created a system for the formation of dialectical thinking skills from the art of verbal persuasion. Further history of the development of rhetoric in Western Europe is presented, taking into account the peculiarities of cultural epochs (Ancient Rome, the middle Ages, the Renaissance) and three information revolutions (the creation of Phoenician writing in the late 2nd century BC, printing and the appearance of radio in the middle of the 19th century). The influence of different types of rhetoric on the development of fiction in the 16th century is noted. For the first time, the fresco "The School of Athens" by Raphael is presented as a revival of Aristotelian rhetoric, which is based on the ancient dialectics.
Keywords:oratory, rhetoric, attic prose, dialectics, dialogue, prose, logic, logos, Hermes, political rhetoric, Gorgias, Demosthenes, judicial eloquence, induction, Heraclitic philosophy, syllogistics, “Dialogues” by Plato, “Rhetoric” by Aristotle, harmony, the fresco “The School of Athens”.
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